Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that is effective against many bacteria. It is commonly used to treat various infections, including respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, skin infections, and certain sexually transmitted infections like chlamydia. Tetracycline works by inhibiting protein synthesis in bacteria, thereby preventing their growth and multiplication.
Key Uses:
1. Bacterial Infections: Treats infections caused by susceptible bacteria.
2. Acne: Often used in low doses for long-term treatment of moderate to severe acne.
3. Rosacea: Helps reduce inflammation and redness associated with this skin condition.
4. Malaria: Sometimes used as a prophylactic treatment in areas where malaria is resistant to other drugs.
Mechanism of Action:
Tetracycline binds to the 30S ribosomal subunit of bacteria, preventing the attachment of aminoacyl-tRNA to the ribosomal complex. This inhibits the addition of amino acids to the growing peptide chain, effectively stopping protein synthesis.
Common Side Effects:
- Gastrointestinal Issues: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain.
- Photosensitivity: Increased sensitivity to sunlight, leading to sunburn more easily.
- Tooth Discoloration: Can cause permanent yellowing or graying of teeth in children under 8 years old and in fetuses if taken during pregnancy.
- Liver Toxicity: Rare but serious, especially with high doses or prolonged use.
Contraindications:
- Pregnancy and Breastfeeding: Tetracycline can affect fetal bone development and cause tooth discoloration in infants.
- Children Under 8: Can cause permanent tooth discoloration and affect bone growth.
- Kidney Disease: Tetracycline is excreted by the kidneys, so impaired kidney function can lead to accumulation and toxicity.
Drug Interactions:
- Antacids and Supplements: Calcium, magnesium, iron, and aluminum can bind to tetracycline, reducing its absorption.
- Oral Contraceptives: Tetracycline may reduce the effectiveness of birth control pills.
- Warfarin: Increased risk of bleeding due to enhanced anticoagulant effect.
Administration:
- Oral: Typically taken on an empty stomach (1 hour before or 2 hours after meals) to enhance absorption.
- Topical: Used in creams and ointments for skin conditions like acne.
Resistance:
Overuse and misuse of tetracycline have led to the development of resistant bacterial strains, making it less effective in some cases.
Always consult a healthcare provider for appropriate use, and dosage, and to discuss any potential risks or interactions with other medications.