Aspirin, also known as acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), is a widely used over-the-counter medication. It belongs to the drug class of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and is known for its ability to relieve pain, reduce inflammation, and lower fever.
Medical Uses of Aspirin
- Pain Relief: Effective for mild to moderate pain, including headaches, toothaches, and muscle aches.
- Anti-inflammatory: Often used in conditions like arthritis to reduce swelling and discomfort.
- Antipyretic: Helps reduce fever in both adults and children (when medically recommended).
- Cardiovascular Protection: Low-dose aspirin is frequently prescribed to lower the risk of heart attacks and strokes by preventing blood clot formation.
- Other Uses: Also used in rare medical conditions such as Kawasaki disease and pericarditis.
How Aspirin Works (Mechanism of Action)
Aspirin blocks the activity of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes. These enzymes are responsible for the production of prostaglandins and thromboxanes, which are involved in inflammation, pain, and blood clotting.
Recommended Dosage of Aspirin
- Pain and Fever: Typically 325–650 mg every 4–6 hours as needed.
- Cardiovascular Protection: Usually 81–325 mg taken once daily (as prescribed by a doctor).
Never exceed the recommended dosage. Always follow a healthcare provider’s guidance.
Potential Side Effects of Aspirin
- Gastrointestinal Issues: May cause stomach pain, ulcers, or internal bleeding.
- Increased Bleeding Risk: Especially concerning for those with blood clotting disorders or on anticoagulants.
- Reye’s Syndrome: Rare but serious, primarily in children and teens recovering from viral infections.
- Allergic Reactions: Some may experience hives, shortness of breath, or asthma attacks.
Who Should Avoid Aspirin? (Contraindications)
- Children and Teens with Viral Infections: Due to the risk of Reye’s syndrome.
- Pregnant Women: Especially in the third trimester, unless advised by a doctor.
- People with Bleeding Disorders or Stomach Ulcers: Aspirin can increase bleeding and worsen symptoms.
Drug Interactions to Be Aware Of
- Anticoagulants: The risk of internal bleeding may rise.
- Other NSAIDs: Increased risk of stomach ulcers or GI issues.
- Alcohol: Heightens the risk of stomach bleeding.
- Always take aspirin under medical supervision if using long-term.
- Be alert for signs of internal bleeding (e.g., black stools or vomiting blood).
- Do not combine aspirin with other NSAIDs or blood thinners without medical advice.
Conclusion
Aspirin is a trusted and effective medication with diverse uses—from relieving pain to reducing cardiovascular risk. However, it must be used responsibly and under proper medical guidance, especially in high doses or over extended periods.