Theophylline

Used for the long-term treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Nausea, insomnia, headache, tremor, palpitations; toxicity can cause seizures and arrhythmias.

Narrow therapeutic index—requires monitoring of serum levels; use with caution in liver disease, heart failure, and elderly patients.

Hypersensitivity to theophylline or other xanthines; active peptic ulcer disease.

Dose individualized based on serum levels (target: 5–15 mcg/mL); oral and IV forms available.

Mexico, Brazil

Oral tablets (immediate and extended-release), oral solution, intravenous injection.